Cost, energy, and carbon footprint benefits of second-life electric ...
New EVBs. Nykvist and Nilsson 23 analyzed 85 cost estimates reported in 2007–2014 and found that LIB pack costs decreased by about 14% per year with an average cost of $410/kWh in 2014. Based on an assumed 6%–8% annual decrease in cost after 2020 by the Boston Consulting Group, 24 the battery pack manufacturing cost was …